HISTORY OF COMPUTERS.

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History of computers

Types of computers

Based on the work principle, there are three types of computers.

A) Analog computer
An analog computer (spell analog in British English) is a form of computer that uses frequent
For models of problem solving physical phenomena such as physical, mechanical or hydraulic quantities.
1. Thermometer
2. Speedometer
3. Petrol Pump Indicator
4. Multi-meter

B) Digital computer
Computer that shows calculations and logical tasks as points, usually in the binary number system.

C) Hybrid Computer 
A combination of computers capable of input and output both in digital and analog
The signal is A hybrid computer system setup provides cost-effective way to perform complex simulations.

On the basis of size ..
A) super computer
This is the fastest computer, the supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for those special applications that require huge amounts of mathematical calculations.
For example, weather forecast requires a super computer other uses of the supercomputer
Animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, and nuclear energy research and petroleum
Explore.
The main difference between a super computer and a mainframe is that a super computer channel
All the powers to execute some programs as soon as possible, while a mainframe uses several powers to execute several programs simultaneously.

B) Mainframe computer
A huge and costly computer capable of supporting hundreds and thousands of users
Together. In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (Example: Clocks)
Going down to the supercomputers at the top and bottom, the mainframes are under supercomputer
In some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support programs simultaneously. But supercomputers can execute a program
Faster than mainframe

C) Mini Computer
In size and power, minicomputers are between workplaces and mainframes. In the last decade, distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes is staining, though, as is
Differences between small minicomputers and workstations But in general, a microcomputer is one
Multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 from about 200
Users together

D) Microcomputer
I Desktop computer: enough personal or micro-mini computer to fit on a desk
ii. Laptop computer: This is a full portable computer with an integrated screen and keyboard
Generally smaller and larger in size than a desktop computer
A notebook computer
iii. PalmTop Computer / Digital Diary / Notebook / PDA: Palmistops have no keyboard near non-computer, but the screen works as an input and output device.

E) workstation
This network has a terminal or desktop computer. In this context, workstation is just a general term
Unlike a "server" or "mainframe" for a user's machine (client machine)

Major brands of computers:
A) IBM / IBM compatible computer
B) Apple / Macintosh





Computer creation
It is important to realize that major changes and trends in computer systems have occurred during major steps-or generation-computing, and will continue in the future. In the early 1950s, the first generation of computers was developed, the second generation grew in the late 1960s, the third generation computing in the 1970s, and the fourth generation of 1980s and 1s Having computer technology of 99 0 The fifth generation of computers that accelerate the trend of previous generations are expected to enter into the 21st century. Note that computers are small, fast, more reliable, less expensive to maintain and maintain and are connected more and more within the computer network.
In the first generation computing, large scale computers were included using hundreds or thousands of vacuum tubes for their processing and memory circuitry. These large computers generated huge amounts of heat; Their vacuum tubes had to be changed repeatedly. Thus, they needed large power, air conditioning, and maintenance. In the first-generation computer, there were only a few thousand characters and the main memory of the millisecond processing speed. They used magnetic drums or tape as input and output media for secondary storage and perforated card or paper tape.

Second-generation computing transistors and other solid-state used semiconductor devices which were wired for circuit boards in computers. Transistered circuits were much smaller and more reliable, a little generated

Access time - display of hard drives or other storage devices - how long does it take to locate a file
Active program or window - The application or window on the front (foreground) on the monitor
Warning (warning box) - A message that appears on the screen, usually tells you something went wrong.
Surname - An icon that points to a file, folder or application (system 7).
Apple Menu - System 6 on the left side of the screen header = Desk Accessories system 7 = up to 50 items.
Apps - a program in which you do your work
App menu - List of running applications on the right side of the screen header
ASCII (Clearly Asked) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange The data format commonly used to exchange information between computers or programs
Background - Part of multitasking capability A program can run and work in the background, while another program is being used in the foreground
Bit - The smallest piece of information used by the computer in the computer language obtained from "binary numbers", either a (1) or zero (0)
Backup - A copy of a file or disk that you have created for archiving purposes
Boot - to start a computer
Bug - A programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected manner
Bus - An electronic route through which data is transmitted between components in a computer
Byte - a piece of computer information made of eight bits
Card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer
Cartridge drive - a storage device, such as a hard drive, in which the middle is a cartridge that can be removed
CD-ROM - A short term for compact disc read-only memory

Selector - The desk assistant used to select a printer, or other external device or to log on to a network

Clipboard - A part of the memory where Mac temporarily stores information In many PC applications a copy buffer is called because it is used to keep the information that is transferred as word processing, where the text "Cut" and then "pasted"
Clock Rate (Mhz) - Instruction Process Speed ​​of a computer measured in millions (i.e., 200 MHz) per second.
Command - The task of directing menu options or keystrokes on your Mac.
Command key (apple) key - a modifier key, to activate some functions on the Mac, use the command key to be used in conjunction with another keystroke.
Compiler - A program converts programming code into a form that can be used by the computer
Compression - A technique that reduces the size of the saved file, or reduces the encoding redundancy (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LJW, etc.).
Control key - rarely used the modifier key on the Mac
Control Panel - A program that allows you to change settings in a program or changes the methods and / or behavior of Mac.
CPU - Central processing unit processing chip, which is the "brain" of a computer
Accident - A system malfunction where the computer stops working and needs to be restarted
Cursor - indicator, usually arrow or cross size, which is controlled by the mouse
Daisy Chenning - The task of string device simultaneously in a series (such as SCSI).
Database - An electronic list of information that can be sorted and / or searched
Data - (plural of data) information processed by a computer
Defragment - To insert pieces of data into a continuous block on memory (or - optimize) memory or hard drive.
Desktop - 1. Finder 2. Shadowed or colorful background of the screen.
Desktop file - An invisible file that stores the database of information about Finder files and icons
Dialog Box - An on-screen message box that appears when Mac requires additional information before completing a command.
Digitize - data in digital data that can be used by the computer to change linear, or analog
Disc - Spinning plate made of magnetic or optically edited material on which the data can be stored.
Disk Drive - The device that writes data to disk and / or writes data to disk
Disk window - a window displaying the content or directory of a disk.
Documents - A file that you create, which was against the application that created it.
DOS - Familiar to Disk Operating System - used in IBM PC.
DPI - Abbreviated for dots per inch - A gauge of visual clarity on a printed page or on a computer screen.
Download - To transfer data from one computer to another (if you are in the receiving end, you are downloading. If you are at the end of the sending, then you are uploading).
Drag - to move the mouse, while its button is being depressed
Drag and Drop - There is a feature on the Mac that allows someone to drag over an icon for the icon of a document from which the application launches and the document is open.
Driver - A file on a computer that explains how to communicate with an add-on piece of device (such as a printer).
Ethernet - A protocol for fast communication and file transfer over the network.
Expansion slot - A connector inside the computer that plugs into a printed circuit board which provides new or advanced features.
Extension - A startup program that runs on Mac and then enhances its function.
Fiber Channel - as it applies to data collection and network topology
File - General words for an application, document, control panel or other computer data.
Finder - Cornerstone or home-base application finder in Mac environment regulates file management tasks of Mac (copying, rename, deleting ...)
Floppy - A 3.5-inch square hard disk that holds the data. (Hence the first 5.25 and 8-inch discs were flexible).
Folder - An electronic subdirectory that contains files
Font - a typeface containing alphabet or some other letter characters
Footprint - The surface area of ​​a desk or table which has occupied a piece of equipment.
Fragmentation - breaking the file in memory or on many different locations on the disk
Freeze - A system error that causes the cursor to be locked.
Get Info - A Finder File Menu Command that presents an information window for a selected file icon
Gig - One gigabyte = 1024 megabytes
Hard drive - a large capacity storage device that is made up of several disks placed in a harsh case.
Head Accident - A Hard Disk Accident is due to the head exposed to the spinning disc (s)
High Density Disc - A 1.4 Mb Floppy Disk
Highlight - Highlight an icon by clicking once or highlighting the text in the document.
Icon - A graphic icon for an application, file or folder
Start - To format a disk for use in computer; Creates a new directory and organizes the tracks for recording the data.
Insert point - In word processing, short flashing marker indicates when your next typing will start.
Installer - software used to install programs on your hard drive.
Interrupt button - a tool used by programmers to enter debugging mode. The button is next to the reset button.
K - less for kilobytes
Keyboard shortcut - A combination of a console that does some functions is otherwise found in a pulldown menu
Kilobytes - 1024 bytes
Scenario - In print from a computer, on the page to print on the edge.
Launch - Start an Application
Measurement (summary) -
* A bit = A binary digit (1 or 0) * "Bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digits) -> 8 bit = one byte
* 1024 bytes = one kilobyte
* K = Kilobytes
* Kb = Kilobytes
* MB = megabytes
* MB = megabit
* MB / s = megabyte per second
* MB / S = megabit per second
* Bps = bits per second
I.e., 155 MB / s = 19.38 MB / s

Computer creation
It is important to realize that major changes and trends in computer systems have occurred during major steps-or generation-computing, and will continue in the future. In the early 1950s, the first generation of computers was developed, the second generation grew in the late 1960s, the third generation computing in the 1970s, and the fourth generation of 1980s and 1s Having computer technology of 99 0 The fifth generation of computers that accelerate the trend of previous generations are expected to enter into the 21st century. Note that computers are small, fast, more reliable, less expensive to maintain and maintain and are connected more and more within the computer network.
In the first generation computing, large scale computers were included using hundreds or thousands of vacuum tubes for their processing and memory circuitry. These large computers generated huge amounts of heat; Their vacuum tubes had to be changed repeatedly. Thus, they needed large power, air conditioning, and maintenance. In the first-generation computer, there were only a few thousand characters and the main memory of the millisecond processing speed. They used magnetic drums or tape as input and output media for secondary storage and perforated card or paper tape.
Second-generation computing transistors and other solid-state used semiconductor devices which were wired for circuit boards in computers. Transistered circuit was very small, more reliable, slightly heat generated, and less power was needed than vacuum tubes. Small magnetic core was used for computer memory, or internal storage. Many second-generation computers have main memory capacity at speeds of 100 kilobytes and microsecond processing. Removable magnetic disk packs were introduced, and magnetic tape was merged in the form of major input, output, and secondary storage medium for large computer installations.
Third-generation computing saw the development of computers which used integrated circuits, in which thousands transistors and other circuit elements are scattered on small chips of silicon. The main memory capacities increased to several megabytes and processing speeds reached up to millions of instructions per second (MIPS) as the telecommunication capacities became common, it has widely used for operating system programs that automatically run the activities of several types of peripheral devices Monitoring and processing of mainframe computers of several programs at the same time, remote termin Including network of users in the country Integrated circuit technology also made the development and extensive use of small computer named Minicomputer in the third computer generation possible.
The fourth generation computing depends on the use of LSI (mass integration) and VLSI (very large integration) technologies, which crush thousands or millions of transistors and other circuit elements on each chip. This enabled the development of microprocessors, in which all the circuits of a CPU are contained on a single chip with processing speed of millions of instructions per second. From some megabytes to several gigabytes, memory capacities can be acquired from memory chips, which replace magnetic core memories. Microcomputer, fourth-generation computing using microprocessor CPUs and various types of peripherals and easy-to-use software packages to create a client / server network of computers, computers or servers of linked computers and servers that have computing Speed ​​up system size
Whether we are moving into a fifth generation of computing, because the concept of generations is now a topic of debate after being fit with constant changes in computer hardware, software, data and networking technologies. But in any case, we can be sure that progress in computing will be accelerated and in the development of Internet-based technologies and applications one of the 21st Century key computing power will be one.
Computer System Concept:
A computer is a high-powered collection of electronic devices that perform various types of information processing. Computer is a system, which provides end users with components, which displays basic system functions of input, processing, output, storage, and control, thus providing end users with a powerful information processing tool. Understanding computers about computer systems is important for effective use and management of computers.
A computer has organized hardware devices according to the following system tasks
Input:
Input devices of computer systems include keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic rats, optical scanners, etc.
Processing:
Central processing unit (CPU) is the main processing component of computer system. (In microcomputer, this is the main microprocessor.) In particular, one of the main components of the CPU, the electronic circuit of the arithmetic logic unit performs essential arithmetic and logic functions in computer processing.
Output:
The computer system's output device includes video display units, printers, audio response units, etc. These are converted into a human facilitating electronic information created by the computer system for presentation to eliminate the users.
Storage:
The storage of computer systems is done in the primary storage unit of the computer, or in the storage circuit of memory, and in secondary storage devices, such as magnetic discs and tape units. Store the data and program instructions necessary to process these devices.
Control:
The CPU's control unit is the control component of the computer system. Its circuit computer program interprets the instructions and directs other components of the computer system.
Central processing unit:
Central processing unit is the most important hardware component of computer system. It is also known as CPU, central processor or direct processor and main microprocessor in a microcomputer. Conceptually, the CPU's circuitry can be divided into two main submissions, which is the mathematical logic unit and control unit. The CPU also includes circuits for high speed registers and devices for cash storage, temporary storage of education operations, input / output, and telecommunications support.
The control unit obtains instructions from the software segment stored in the primary storage unit and interprets them. After this, the computer transmits an electronic signal to carry out the necessary tasks for other components of the computer system. The arithmetic logic unit performs a necessary arithmetic and comparative operation. Based on the results of comparisons made in ALU during the process, a computer program can make logical changes from one set of instructions to another (for example, overtime pay versus regular pay calculation).
Main storage and primary storage unit:
The primary storage unit of the computer is commonly called main memory, and maintains data and programmable instructions between processing steps and provides them with control unit and arithmetic-logic unit during processing. Most computer's memory has a microelectronics semiconductor memory chip, which is called RAM (random access memory). The content of these memory chips can be changed to store new data immediately. Another, more stable memory chip, called ROM (Read Only Memory) can also be used.

Secondary storage devices such as magnetic disks and optical discs are used to store data and programs and thus expand the storage capacity of the computer system. In addition, since the memory circuit generally loses its content when the power of electricity stops, most secondary storage media provide more permanent type of storage. Although the content of hard disk drives can not be processed without floppy disks, CD-ROM disks and other secondary storage media being brought into memory. Thus secondary storage devices play a supporting role in the primary storage of computer systems.

Multiple Processors:
Many current computers, from micro computers to large mainframes, use multiple processors for their processing tasks. Instead of having a CPU with single control unit and arithmetic logic unit, these computers have many types of processing units in the CPU. Let's summarize the major types of such multifunctional designs.
A support processor design depends on the specific microprocessors so that the main CPU can complete various tasks. These microprocessors can be used for input / output, memory management, arithmetic computations, multimedia processing and telecommunications, thus the main director can be freed from the primary job of executing program instructions, for example, many Micro-computer support microprocessors such as arithmetic co-processing include their main microprocessors Load issues in a large computer CPU and input support called / output channels to control data movement between devices using microprocessors. Advanced microprocessor design integrates the functions of several support processors on a main microprocessor.

RISC processor:
Many advanced technical workstations and other computer processors are dependent on design, which is called RISC (less instruction set computer). It is contradictory to most current computers using CISC (complex instruction set computer) processor RISC processor design optimizes the processing speed of a CPU by using a small instruction set. That is, they use a small number of basic machine instruction which is capable of executing a processor. Using the simpler and more complex software than the CISC processor, the instruction set can reduce the time required to implement a RISC processor program.
Computer processing speed:
Computer operating speed, which was previously measured in milliseconds (thousands of each other) and microcompanies (second one millionth) are now in nanoseconds (second to twentieth), some of the picasocond (trillionth of second) With speed Such speed does not seem to be out of the grasp. For example, each person taking a step, in a nanosecond, a person would have a circle of earth 20 times higher at a time. Many microcomputer and midraj computers, and most mainframe computers, work in nanosecond range, and thus can process program instructions at millions of instructions per second (MIPS) speed. Another measure of the speed of processing is Mhz, or millions of cycles per second, it is usually called the clock speed of a microprocessor, using sign to circumvent the microprocessors at the time of their circuit or internal clock speed. Is used for
However, the evaluation of effective processing speeds of microprocessors measured in MHz, MIPS and other measures can be misleading indicators. This is because the speed of processing depends on many factors except the speed of a microprocessor. Important examples include the size of circular paths or buses, which use the interconnect microprocessor components, the capacity of instruction processing registers, the use of high speed memory caches, and unique microprocessors such as math co-processors, calculate arithmetic calculations and faster For example, Intel's Pentium Microprocessor runs 66 to 200 MHz and is rated at over 100 MIPS, which is a top processing rating of more than 200 MIPPSs on MHz speed, similar to the Pentium Pro microprocessor.

Computer storage fund and equipment

It is necessary to store data and information when using different types of storage methods. There are many types of storage media and devices

Computer storage fundamentals:

It is processed and stored in a computer system through its computer's circuitry or through the use of media or the presence or absence of electronic or magnetic signals. This is called "two-state" or binary representation of data, because computers and media can only show two potential states or situations. For example, transistors are in other semiconductor circuits in either operating or non-conducting state. Media magnetic disks and tapes, such as magnetic fields, have two different directions of one or two polarization of the magnetic field, to indicate these two states. This binary feature of computer circuits and media is that in order to represent the data in a computer, the binary number system forms the basis. Thus, for the electronic circuits, the operation (ON) represents the state number one, while non-conducting (off) state number represents zero. For magnetic media, the magnetic field's magnetic field shows in one direction, whereas magnetism in the other direction represents zero

The smallest element of data is called a little bit, which can be valued at zero or one. The capacity of the memory chip is usually expressed in terms of bits. A byte is the basic group of bits that the computer is running as a unit. Generally, there are eight bits in it and most computer coding plans represent a character of data. Thus, the ability of computer memory and secondary storage equipment is usually expressed in terms of bytes. Computer codes such as ASCII (American International Code for Information Interchange) use different set of bits to make bytes, which represent numbers zero to nine, letter characters and many other characters.

Storage capacity is often measured in kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB). Although 1,000 in the metric system means that the computer industry uses Kashmir to represent 1,024 or (210) storage posts, therefore, capacity of 10 megabytes, for example, 10,485,760 storage position instead of 10 lakh posts. However, such differences are often ignored to simplify the description of the storage capacity. Thus, one megabyte of storage is about 1 million bytes, while the gigabyte is about 1 billion bytes and a terabyte represents approximately 1 trillion byte.

Direct and Sequential Access:

Primary storage media such as semiconductor memory chip is called direct access or random access memories (RAM). Magnetic disk devices are often called direct access storage devices (DASDs). On the other hand, media like magnetic tape is known as successive access device.

Direct access and random access describe the same concept. They mean that an element of data or instructions (such as byte or word) can be stored directly and can be used by selecting any location on the storage media. They also mean that each storage position (1) has a unique address and (2) can be accessed individually in almost the same length without searching through different storage positions, for example, a microelectronics Each memory cell on the semiconductor RAM chip can be felt individually or can be changed at the same time length. Any data record stored on a magnetic or optical disc can be accessed directly in approximately the same time period.

Sequential access storage media such as magnetic tape does not contain unique storage addresses that can be addressed directly. Instead, the data must be collected and recovered using a sequential or serial process. The data is recorded after one in a predetermined sequence (like in numerical order) on the storage medium. The data recorded on the tape required to find a different item of data is required, as long as the desired object is not located.

Semiconductor Memory:

Your computer's primary storage (main memory) consists of a microelectronics semiconductor memory chip. Memory chip with 4 million bits (4 megabits) and a capacity of 16 megabytes or more memory chip can be added to your PC to increase its memory capacity. Special memory can help improve the performance of your computer. Examples include 256 or 512 kilobytes of external cache memory to help your microprocessor work faster, or video graphics accelerator card with 2 megabytes of RAM or faster for faster video display. Removable credit-card-size and small "flash memory" RAM cards can also provide several megabytes of immersion direct access storage for PDAs or handheld PCs.

Some of the major attractions of semiconductor memory are its small size, great speed, and shock and temperature resistance. A major disadvantage of most semiconductor memory is its instability, uninterrupted power or supply should be made

Magnetic Disk Storage:

Magnetic disc is the most common type of secondary storage for your computer system. This is because they provide fast access and high storage capacity at reasonable prices. Magnetic disk drives contain metal cans which are coated on either side with iron oxide recording material. Many disks are placed together on a vertical shaft, which usually rotates the disk at speeds of 3,600 to 7,600 revolutions per minute (rpm). The electromagnetic read / right head is integrated with access weapons between a slightly different disk to read and write data on circular tracks. Data is recorded on the data track as small magnetic places to create binary numbers of common computer code. Thousands of bytes can be recorded on each track, and several hundred data are tracked on each disk surface, thus giving you billions of storage space for your software and data.

Types of Magnetic Disks:

There are several types of magnetic disk arrangements, including removable disk cartridges as well as fixed disk units. Removable disk devices are popular because they are transportable and backup copies of your data can be used to store offline for convenience and security.

Consisting of floppy disks or magnetic disks, polyester film disks covered with an iron oxide complex. A disc is rotated and rotates inside a protective flexible or hard plastic jacket, where access is used to adjust the reading / writing head of a disk drive unit. The 31/2 inch floppy disk is the most widely used version with 1.44 megabytes of capabilities, in which a new LS-120 technology is giving 120 megabytes of storage.

Hard disk drive combines the magnetic disk, uses the weapon, and heads / reads in a sealed module. This allows close interaction within high speed, more data recording density, and a sealed, more stable environment. Fixed or removable disk cartridge versions are available. Hard drive capacity ranges from several hundred megabytes to gigabytes of storage.

RAID:

The disc array of interconnected micro-computer hard disk drives has given space to provide large capacity mainframe disk drives with many gigabytes of online storage. Known as Red (unnecessary arrays of independent discs), they add more than 6 to 100 small hard disk drives and their control microprocessors into one unit. Due to the access of data in parallel to multiple paths from several units, RAID units are provided with large capacities with high access speed. RAID units also have a fault tolerant ability, because their redundant design offers several copies on many disks. If a disk fails, the data can be automatically retrieved from backup copies stored on other disks.

Magnetic Tape Storage:

In commercial applications, magnetic tape is still being used as a secondary storage medium. They read / write heads of magnetic tape drives, which are recorded as a magnetic field of iron oxide coating of plastic tape. Magnetic tape devices include tape reels and cartridges in mainframes and midrange systems, and small cassettes or cartridges for PCs. In many applications of magnetic tape cartridges, tapes can replace reels, and hold more than 200 megabytes.

In the growing commercial use of magnetic tape, robot automated drive assemblies include the use of 36-track magnetic tape cartridges that can hold hundreds of cartridges. To meet large-scale data storage and other commercial storage requirements, these devices store slower, but lower costs, in order to supplement the magnetic disk. Other major applications of magnetic tape now include archival storage and backup storage for PCs and other systems.

Optical disk storage:

Optical discs are the fastest growing storage medium for the use of a microcomputer; the version is called CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Only Memory Reading). CD-ROM technology is used in stereo music systems such as 12-centimeters (4.7 in) compact discs (CDs), each disk can store up to 600 megabytes of storage. This floppy disk or 1.44 megabytes of text is equal to 400 400 double-space pages. Data laser recording, compact discs can be mass-produced by burning permanent micro-pit in a spiral track on the master disk. Then the CD-ROM disk drive uses the laser device to read the binary code formed by those pits.

CDR (compact disc-record enabled) is another optical disc technology, it enables the computer to record its data on CDs with CD-R disk drive units, then the data can be read indefinitely . The main limitation of CD-ROM and CD-R Disks is that the recorded data can not be erased. However, CD-RW

(CD-reliable) optical disc systems are now available, which is to record and erase the micro point on the surface of the disk using laser for heat. In CD-RW versions using magnetic optical technology, a magnetic pool space worries

Major types of computer systems

Micro Computer Systems:

The most important category of computer systems for end users is micro computers, though usually called a personal computer, or PC, a microcomputer is more than a small computer used by one person, the computing power of micro computers is of their cost. On the fraction the computer over the last generation is more than the mainframes. In this way, they have become a powerful networked business workstation for end-users of business.

Multimedia Computer System:

Multimedia PCs are designed to give you information in various media including text and graphics display, voice and other digital audio, photos, animation and video clips. Mention multimedia, and many people think of computer video games, multimedia encyclopedia, educational videos, and multimedia home pages on the world wide web. However, multimedia systems are widely used in business to train employees, educate customers, make sales presentations and add effects to other business presentations.

Midrange Computer Systems:
Midregn computers, including minicomputers and high-end network servers, are multi-user systems that can manage networks of PCs and terminals. Although mainframes are not as powerful as computers, they are less expensive to buy, operate and maintain with mainframe systems, and thus fulfill the computing requirements of many organizations.

Midridge computers first became popular as microcomputers for scientific research, instrumentation systems and industrial process monitoring and control. Minicomprasar can easily handle such uses because these applications are narrow in the field and do not demand virtualization of mainframe systems. Thus, Midaraj Computer works as a computer processing process and manufacturing plant computer, and they still play a major role in computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). They can also take the form of powerful technical workstation for computer-aided design (CAD) and other computing and graphics-intensive applications. Midregate computers are used as front-end computers to assist mainframe computers in telecommunications processing and network management

Mainframe computer system:
Mainframe computers are large, fast, and powerful computer systems For example, the mainframe can process hundreds of instructions (MIPS) per second. The mainframe also has large primary storage capabilities, with their main memory capacity ranging from hundreds of megabytes to many gigabytes of primary storage. And the mainframes have been quite weak in the last few years, dramatically reducing the requirements of their air conditioning requirements, electricity consumption and floor space, and thus their acquisitions and operational costs. Most of these improvements are the result of a step to the new CMOS air-cooled technology with water-cooling mainframes for main-boundary systems.


Super Computer System:
The word super computer describes a range of highly powerful computer systems, specially designed for scientific, engineering and business applications, which require extreme high speed for large-scale numerical computations. The market for supercomputers includes government research agencies, large universities and major corporations. They use supercomputer for applications such as global weather forecasts, military defense systems, computational cosmology and astronomy, microprocessor research and design, large scale data mining and so on.
Supercomputers use parallel processing architecture of interconnected microprocessors (which can apply several instructions in parallel at the same time). They can calculate arithmetic calculations of billions floating-point operations per second (gigaphlop) terraplop (1 trillion floating-point operations per second) Supercomputers, which use advanced extensive parallel processing (MPP) designs of thousands of interconnected microprocessors The prices for the big super computer are available ranging from $ 5 million to the 50 million range
However, the design of small connected interconnected microprocessors of symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) has created a breed of minisun computers which starts with hundreds of dollars in prices

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